The Royal College of Nursing analysed almost 400 adult social care cases handled between 2023 and 2025 and says most of the people represented were registered nurses.

More than half of the cases involved repayment clauses, according to the RCN. Most of the demands it identified were above £3,000 and one demand reached £25,000.

The casework also identified pay problems affecting migrant nursing staff. The RCN has called for an end to what it describes as exploitation in the adult social care workforce.

The figures describe people who sought RCN representation and are stakeholder casework rather than a representative survey of migrant nursing staff or all adult social care employers.